“Guns-a-blazing. Fast.” “Vicious and sweet.” “Now disgraced country.” “Islamic terrorists.” “Cherished Christians.” These were among the most striking phrases in the announcement delivered by the President of the United States on 1 November 2025.

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Across the Sahel, the meaning and practice of multilateralism are being fundamentally reconfigured. The international partnerships that once anchored regional governance are now questioned, contested, and reframed by a new generation of leaders. This shift

Read moreTwo Models of Sahelian Multilateralism – What Faye and Traoré Tell Us About the New Multilateralism